Accents in a description of theory and methodology of territory development are displaced from distribution of the national benefits on formation of territorial natural and economic systems and organization of economical and geographical activity. The author reveals the concept of «territory development» and reviews its place in the theory and methodology of human geography and regional economy. In the article the individual directions of economic activity are considered. The author has made an attempt to define the subject matter of five levels of «ideal» territorial and economic systems as a part of objects of the nature, societies, population settlement, production, infrastructure and management. The author’s position of interpretation of sequences of mechanisms of territory development working according to a Nested Doll principle (mechanism of economy, economic management mechanism, controlling mechanism of economy) is presented. The author shows the indicators, which authentically define territory development.

In this article, the maintenance of the various points of view on a category «the structural policy» is revealed. The sight of authors of the article is reflected: the structural policy is understood as a subsystem of a social and economic policy of the state, called to carry out function managing by development of branches of the economy together with private business, distributions of financial resources between sectors, control over use of the given money resources with a view of, actual for a certain historical stage, by use of administrative, standard and financial tools of regulation. The methodological basis of a structural policy is defined, functions with that end in view reveal, the target system, subjects and objects, and also are specified principles and classification of tools of a structural policy. By sight authors, regional branch shifts which promote progressive changes of branch structure of a region in directions of formation V and VI technological ways, increase of a diversification of manufacture by stimulation of innovative changes should become a target reference point of a structural policy. The most sensitive to tactical both technological fluctuations and vulnerable in the economic plan are monospecialized regions. In this connection, the technique of carrying out of a structural policy in monospecialized subjects of the Russian Federation taking into account shifts in branches of their industrial specializations is offered.

A system of generalized and specific indices characterizing factors of regional environmental and socio-economic development was established. Official statistical data were analyzed for the development of the regional-differentiation system of indices. The data included characteristics of pollution and environmental protection, prevalence of socially significant diseases in the region, the level of economic and demographic potential of the regions. To evaluate and select the most informative relative characteristics describing the differentiation of regional potentials we took into account the matter of the characteristics, their variation and interdependence. The most informative characteristics were used for extracting latent factors explaining regional differentiation. The factors of industrial resources, social deprivation, HIV prevalence and drug addiction were obtained. A system of indices lets classify and rank regions in order to work out federal and regional development programs.

The article is devoted to the problem of estimating dynamic of shadow economy in the context of socio-economic crisis negative influence. Factors and threats supporting the increase of shadow economy during the economic crisis were studied. Current situation in the Ural Federal District with regard to shadow economic activity for the period from 2006 to 2012 was represented. The results of forecasting shadow activity were given in the article on the example of Ural Federal District regions. Data obtained was used for developing target program activities, aimed at minimization of negative influence of shadow economy during the economic crisis. Special attention was given to the problem of improving the effectiveness of international cooperation concerning counteraction of shadow economic activity.

The paper reviews geoecology as a science of lithosphere and biosphere interaction regarding socioeconomic human activity. Such interaction is more likely to take place when using mineral raw resources. This is characteristic of Urals Mining Complexes being a basis of region's economy. The place of geoecology in ecological science is specified. The geoecology structure with its main science subdivisions is developed. Fundamental principles of geoecology as a scientific discipline are defined. The research methodology for environmental technogenic transformation by Mining Complexes is considered, as well as tools, structural principles, forms, ways and methods of scientific enquiry. The approach to geo-ecological research in mining complexes is worked out, including assessment of a targeted object, background and environment. The research brought about the assessment of natural and economic damage under the influence of a mining complex.

In article the authors suggest to apply a system-synergetic approach to a complex assessment of mineral resources within methodology of spatial subsurface use. This approach will allow considering the factors arising in modern world economic space under the influence of processes of internationalization, integration and globalization. Authors give methodical tools of a complex assessment of mineral resources taking into account social, ecological and spatial factors in the conditions of uncertainty. Such estimate is expedient to carry out at all stages of prospecting works, including the earliest stages. At finishing stages of prospecting works, it is necessary to carry out an assessment of efficiency of the investment project on development of mineral resources, including estimates of the budgetary efficiency and efficiency of participation in the project of the enterprises and shareholders.

In the article, the development problems of environmental insurance as a risk management method for maintaining environmental safety in the region are considered. The detailed analysis of the laws of the Russian Federation in conservation activity is presented; contradictions and shortcomings are revealed. Ways of overcoming of the existing formal character of maintaining environmental safety in the Russian regions are offered. In particular, extension of insurance covering in the current law «On compulsory insurance of the civil liability of an owner of dangerous installation on the infliction of harm as a result of accident on dangerous installation» at the expense of inclusion in number of insurance risks of risk of environmental harm. The special attention in the article is paid to insurance of public liability of owners of chemical objects as the most dangerous to the environment. The methodology of actuarial expectation is added with a risk assessment of expert services with the use of a scoring method allowing evaluating real danger to the population and the environment by the chemicals, which are especially acting in small doses. Furthermore, the added calculation methodology of insurance tariffs allows using preventive function of insurance, not so popular in Russian practices. That gives a new source of financing of nature-conservative measures in the region.

The article presents the results of the revaluation of the mineral resource potential objects of the Northern and Subpolar Ural Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug − Ugra with the national resource of the regime. The aim of presented research is the development of theory and methodology of complex study and evaluation of mineral resources in the Northern, polar and Arctic territories in various stages of geological survey and development of uncertainty and risks. Author's method of accounting the national resource regime for the economic evaluation of the prospects of the mineral and raw materials potential is presented. In the course of the research were used, income, comparative approaches to the economic valuation and analyzed method abstract generic values of the (potential value), applied theoretical apparatus of the institutional theory. As a result of research, the following conclusions were made: underreporting of existing methods of economic evaluation of mineral-raw potential environmental and including institutional risks leads to incorrect results; a widely used procedure of assessment of country risks, based on applications of credit ratings and contain high share of subjectivity; the evaluation of a national resource of the regime showed high institutional risks in comparison with other countries, actively exploiting mineral resources, which indicates the need for a substantial change of the state commodity policies with a view to reducing institutional risks; the conducted economic revaluation showed the usefulness of involving in economic circulation of the facilities of mineral-raw potential of the KhMAO-Ugra only in the case of system development of the region; a revalued mineral and raw material potential is able to meet only local requirements for raw materials part of the industrial potential of the Ural region and the adjacent areas and only under the condition of construction of new of appropriate transport and energy infrastructure.

In this paper questions of social and economic development of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North in their traditional places of living and traditional business activities are considered. Influence of the process of commercial development on a natural complex and indigenous people owing to negative consequences of policy of use of raw material resources is shown. Problems of interaction of representatives of indigenous ethnicities and subsoil users while developing mineral deposits and implementation of infrastructure projects in northern areas in an existing institutional framework are revealed. The issue in the definition of damage to territories of traditional environmental management because of the absence of approved at the Federal Level and the regulations adapted in regions is noted. The directions on the preservation of the environment and conditions for a habitation of indigenous people and development of branches of traditional environmental management in the conditions of proceeding process of exploitation of natural resources in areas of their accommodation are offered.

In the article, the need of transition to the rational subsoil use (the alternative mining approach) is proved, which unlike general one supposes the increasing of extraction rate of valuable components in the deposit and multiple use of raw materials, the maximizing recycling, the decreasing of land occupation, the increasing of the development period of deposit at some income decrease up to the moderate level, which is enough to provide the attraction for investors. The multicriteriality is considered as the crucial principle of rational subsoil use at taking management decisions, i.e. the considering of ecological, economic and social targets, aimed at receiving moderate profit at proper social and environmental standards. The graphic representation of models of the general mining approach and the alternative one allows to emphasize the specified advantages of transition to rational subsoil resources development and reflect them in design equation. In the paper, three performance strategies providing the implementation of the alternative approach are offered: full-field development, application ecologically and economically effective systems and the development processes, consideration of reclamation and minimization of long term environmental effects of mining.

This paper deals with the estimation the dynamics, structure and factors of China’s special zones foreign trade. It was determined that the zones are one of the main sources of rapid growth of China’s foreign trade. A high concentration of export and import zones in the space across the three economic centers of China was found. Based on regression analysis the impact of wages on foreign trade these zones and the rest of China were evaluated. According to estimates, it was not found evidence that wage growth has a greater negative impact on the export zones than the rest of China. It was found that the wages increase has a negative impact on Chinese zones import. Foreign demand and the liberalization of foreign trade policy have a main impact on the growth of foreign trade these zones.

In the article on the basis of the carried-out categorical analysis distinctive features, the contents, participants, the directions and methods of realization of cluster policy are marked out. It is shown that potentially high efficiency the cluster policy formed on the basis of the program and design approach possesses. Such approach allows to make active available internal reserves of self-development of a cluster, and also to attract and complementary to use resources of the territory of its dislocation. World and domestic experience of formation and realization of cluster initiatives is analyzed. Types of cluster policy that expands ideas of scales, intensity, target orientation, a state role, measures and mechanisms of realization of cluster policy in the various countries are systematized. The general regularities of formation of cluster policy of foreign countries and Russia are marked out. On the basis of synthesis of available positive foreign and domestic experience of development of effective cluster policy, the principles of its formation are revealed. Realization of these principles will allow to keep an active role of the state in regulation of rates and qualities of economic development of clusters, and also to provide formation of the centers of competences of economic and innovative development of the region, competitiveness of the domestic industry in the conditions of globalization.

The purpose of this article is substantiation of environmental and economic problems in the sphere of nature protection activities of oil-extracting industry of north territories (on the example of the Komi Republic) and development of proposals for decreases a negative effect on the environment and population health. The authors have made the analysis of nature protection activities of the Komi Republic oil-extracting enterprises. Strengthening negative impact on the environment was established despite growth of expenses for environmental measures. It is related to the fact that enterprises invest in the elimination of consequences of man-made impact technogenic influence and man-made accidents, instead of for their consecutive reduction and prevention. In the work, the assessment of socio-economic effects from oil waste disposal is carried out. Proposals for regional integrated programs of an environmental orientation are developed.

In the article, the definitions of the concept organizational and economic changes in institution problems of changes in public health service, the purpose and issues of the management system of organizational and economic changes in the field are considered. The combined strategy of development and innovative changes in management is offered. The need of resource-saving technologies implementation is shown. Expediency of use of marketing tools in a management system of organizational and economic changes is considered the mechanism of improvement of planning and pricing in public health service is offered. The author’s model of management of organizational and economic changes in health services supporting achievement of medical, social, economic efficiency in Yekaterinburg's trauma care is presented. Strategy of traumatism prevention is determined on the basis of interdepartmental approach and territorial segmentation of health care market.

The paper reviews issues of environmental consequences and its related economic and social consequences at field development. The need of allocation and classification of ecological zones for functioning of mining complex is proved. Methodical recommendations of the forecast of consequences of environmental impact of mining complexes within these zones are submitted. Basic methodological provisions of the economic damage estimation caused by consequences of impact on the environment of mining complex, providing appraisal of damage, calculation of the economic damage forming in the conditions of influences of evolutionary and catastrophic character, and the priority of factors of impact are formulated. Methodology and appropriate algorithm of the economic damage assessment caused by extraction of mineral resources and pollution (damage) of the environment within projected ecological zones making negative effect on material values, natural resources and the population are offered. The forecast and assessment of arising consequences at developing mineral deposits are crucial stages in taking management decisions concerning development of mineral resources of a region.

The article substantiates the increasing role of the ferroalloy production in the conditions of the present stage of economic development - new industrialization. The main tendencies of ferroalloy production with the release of an increasing concentration of production and the growth of consumption of ferroalloys, the special role of mineral resources as a factor of sustainable development of the ferroalloy industry, development of integration processes are identified. The activities undertaken by ferroalloy producer of the Ural region to overcome the shortage of raw material sources are systematized. The article justifies increasing importance of ferroalloy products based on rare earth metals and the need to develop new methodological approaches to economic assessment in conditions of uncertainty to produce high-tech materials. JSC Klyuchevsky Ferro Alloy Plant is example, which proved the efficiency of production alloys with rare-earth metals by the method of real options using the binomial tree for decision-making and the Black-Scholes model.

In this paper the feasibility of the cluster approach in the formation of an effective inter sectoral and spatial interaction of the participants of investment and construction activity in the region. The problems and prospects of the investment and construction of the complex in the form of a cluster as an example of the Sverdlovsk region is considered. The main threats to the development of the construction of the complex are systematized the preconditions of building cluster in the Sverdlovsk region are defined. Growth factors that stimulate the development of the construction cluster Sverdlovsk region as a whole and its individual segments are defined. The algorithm for building a cluster of Sverdlovsk region, based on the analysis of the region's readiness to form a cluster, potential actors, infrastructure and functioning of the cluster. Highlighted the strengths and weaknesses of the construction cluster Sverdlovsk region. The possible advantages of the construction cluster formation from the standpoint of a particular region of the construction industry and the individual participant are formulated.

The reasons for the low innovation activity of Russian small enterprises are presented in the article from the standpoint of institutional theory. According to the authors, today the degree of influence of the institutional environment on meso- and mini-levels, as well as informal rules for the development of small forms of entrepreneurship, including their innovative activity are underestimated. The influence of informal component of mini-level institutional environment on the implementation of formal institutions in the examples of the phenomenon of «Old Believers» Entrepreneurship and institutions of the shadow economy is shown. The authors suggest that the shadow nature existing in Russia on mini-level informal institutions to be explained not only by the low level of trust in society (including trust in authority and leadership) and the differences between the national mentality, but also inadequate distribution of transaction costs of doing business (including innovation) between economic agents. Features of the institutional system of Russia as well as transaction costs of the domestic system of patenting inventions are investigated as the key causes of the problem. Methodological principles of institutional support of small innovative businesses are presented.

The article describes the advantages and the procedure for applying the theory of real options analysis to the evaluation of investment projects. Also describes the disadvantages of traditional methods and attempt to apply the method of real options to the evaluation investments of energy projects. This method is based on the theory of financial options and allows decrease the uncertainty of the future course of events. Our results have demonstrated a new type of real options. This method has been successfully used in assessing the economic efficiency of the third unit Kharanorskaya Power Plant. The research identified a new type of embedded options and calculated parameters. Also, we conclude that the application of the theory of real options analysis in relation to investment projects in energy allows, first, to reduce the uncertainty of the source of information and, consequently, the amount of risk, and second, to evaluate the cost effectiveness of the project in view of the possible solutions in the future, and third, increase the investment attractiveness of the industry. Different companies, investment banks, and other stakeholders can apply the research results as a methodological apparatus evaluating the investment and the possibility to participate in their financing.

In the article, the attempt to form the innovation system as a set of subsurface resources management of institutions, mechanisms and tools is made on the basis of an analysis of existing institutions to promote innovation. The timeliness and the need for systemic innovation development of subsurface resources management for Russia are mentioned in contexts of organization the national and global innovation systems. The authors take notice to the locality of activities of institutions of government, business and science and the lack of balance in their methods and instruments among themselves. The necessary to eliminate underdevelopment of individual institutions and the establishment of the mechanism to determine the total effectiveness of the innovative subsurface resources management is the conclusion. Well-oiled mechanism of interaction involves the simultaneous use of all elements of the system of the innovative subsurface resources management. It allows to adapt the overall system to a particular area with mineral deposits and to improve its competitiveness.

In the article on extensive statistical material over long periods of time shows the relationship of the magnetic radiation from the sun cycles and cycles of key macroeconomic indicators, namely, GDP, the level of stagflation (an index print) including seasonal cycles, the cycles Kuznets and Kondratieff cycles. The author explains this relationship on the basis of the results of scientific experiments conducted by the Institute of Space Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences. As a result of these experiments a negative effect of magnetic storms on the mental and physical well-being, which, as the author shows, leads to decrease in labor productivity and gross domestic product has been proved. Therefore, cyclic geomagnetic disturbances are the main cause of cyclicity of main economic indicators. Thus, it is possible to develop economic forecasts based on astrophysical predictions of solar activity and geomagnetic disturbances. The author has developed some of them. Identifying strong direct relationship of long waves of stagflation in the U.S. and long (large) cycles of solar activity, and the identification of a strong geomagnetic feedback seasonal and economic cycles in the U.S. economy, and Russia are considered to be the scientific innovation of the article.

A purpose of this paper is the development of regional socioeconomic systems analysis methodology and analytical instruments. The offered methodology is based on the estimation of regional socioeconomic systems functions and factors of productive forces location and development. The base of this estimation is the analysis of socioeconomic indicators and typological groups of regional systems. The method of this analysis and original instruments of this analysis on the basis of Kohonen's Self-Organizing Maps are proposed. The main stages of the methodology procedure are described. The paper considers execution of this methodology on the example of the Russian regions. Some directions of their socioeconomic development are substantiated.

The article deals with topical issues of modernization of the Russian economy. Argues «modernization from above» only by the state is not possible. It is necessary to participate in this historic process business and labor organizations. However, depicts a large government role in providing incentives for upgrading business and labor, to overcome the monopoly in the economy. Only competition can force the Russian organization «chase» for innovation. Along with this article shows the role of the state in encouraging businesses to invest in staff organizations, and involve employees into ownership and control. In this regard, the experience of some developed countries are showed. The special attention is paid to the choice of the path of economic modernization in Russia. «Westernization» is described as a dead-end road of modernization, which is promising for a modernization of the national model for the example of a number of Eastern countries. The paper also shows the feasibility of the modernization of labor relations in the example of «Uralelectromed».

Utilization of sillimanite group’s minerals (kyanite, sillimanite, andalusite) in high-aluminiferous refractory industry with a purpose of following utilization in metallurgy to obtain silumine and aluminium by elctrothermic method is impossible without new resources. A one of them is the Andree-Yulyevskaya group of kyanite-bearing technogenic objects. Technogenic deposits formed as a result of alluvial gold deposits’ exploitation at the Southern Urals is an additional source of the complex mineral products. A concentration of minerals of the technogenic objects is higher than initial alluvial placers’ one in n10-n1000 times. During the valuation of industrial potential of the Andree-Yulyevskayakya tetechnogenic deposit, (Southern Urals) a concentrate method of technogenic sands’ sampling has been used which permits estimating a gold placers’ potential of the technogenic objects with poor gold and rutile as a useful additional mineral has been distinguished. As a result of researches a principal technological scheme of technogenic sands’ concentration permitting to obtain kyanite concentrates with content of Al2O3 of 55.5 (%) to 60.2 (%) — the main product and gold-bearing and rutile concentrates as additional products. Complex extraction of kyanite, gold, and rutile from technogenic objects has a commercial attraction of this type deposits’ exploitation.

The article observes questions of innovative development of electro power systems considering both innovative developments available in the industry, and new projects and ideas in this area. The author designates existing tendencies of application of new technological decisions, speaks about interesting projects in the field and draws the conclusion about the possibility of their practical application within innovative potential of electro power systems. In the paper, some possibilities of introduction of innovative technologies in management of electro power systems are stated. It is technology of an intellectual electric network, a number of innovative developments in the field of alternative power, set of ideas and projects within information service of industry. The author discusses existing problems and difficulties in the field of implementation of the specified projects and ideas and considers ways of their decision. According to the conclusion of article, the implementation of the planned projects, and also competence of administrative decisions, high professionalism, experience and energy of shots as the main resource of power branch, can provide dynamic development of power branch is drawn.